ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN MULANJE

Climate variability is a major threat to food security among smallholder farmers in Mulanje District, where agriculture largely depends on rainfall. This study assessed the impact of climate variability on household food security, evaluated the effectiveness of adaptation strategies, and identified challenges affecting adaptation among smallholder farmers. A mixed-methods approach was used, involving household surveys of 100 farmers and analysis of rainfall data from 2016–2025. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, ANOVA, correlation analysis and rainfall trend analysis in R. The findings revealed high exposure to climate shocks, including erratic rainfall, droughts, floods, and rising temperatures. About 86% of households experienced moderate or severe food insecurity. Irrigation and education were found to significantly improve food security, while most households relied on reactive coping strategies such as reducing meals and casual labor. Major adaptation challenges included lack of money, limited access to farming inputs, inadequate extension support, and poor market access. The study concludes that limited adaptive capacity worsens the impacts of climate variability on food security. It recommends improving irrigation access, strengthening agricultural extension services, and increasing support for climate-smart farming practices to enhance resilience among smallholder farmers.